| HISTORICAL WORD | MEANING |
| angel | divine messenger of God |
| annexation | addition of territories or territories to existing ones |
| artisan | craftsman or manually skilled worker |
| bushido | code of conduct for samurai in Japan emphasizing obedience to one's master |
| capital | accumulated wealth; money and stock with which company starts |
| chariot | car drawn by horses used in ancient times |
| collectivism | collective ownership of land and means of production / distribution |
| corporation | body of persons or business owned by body of investors |
| creole | descendant of French or Spanish settlers in America |
| crucifixion | act of putting to death on a cross especially that of Christ |
| culture | customs and lifestyle of a group of people |
| Czar, Tsar, Tzar | emperor or king of Russian Empire |
| dictator | absolute ruler or person with supreme authority |
| federal | (of States) united, but independent in internal matters |
| fortification | defensive work to protect against enemy |
| guild | association with common interest, e.g., of merchants or artisans |
| hejira, hegira | Mohammedian era dating from A.D. 622; Mohammed's journey from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622 |
| Hellenism | Greek culture |
| karma | destiny or fate in next life is decided by sum of person's actions in previous lives according to Hinduism / Buddhism |
| kibbutz | collective farm in Israel |
| Knesset | Israeli parliament |
| kremlin | Russian government; citadel in Russian town especially that in Moscow |
| literacy | ability to read and write |
| materialism | belief that material prosperity is the requirement for a good life |
| memoirs | account of one's own life or experiences |
| Messiah | deliverer expected by the Jews |
| modernization | adoption of modern means for producing quality goods and services |
| monotheism | belief in one God |
| monument | buildings and statues designed or serving to commemorate people or things |
| mummy | dead body of Egyptian Pharaoh that has been embalmed for preservation |
| Muslim | Follower of Islam and believer in prophet Muhammad's teachings |
| palanquin | covered litter for a person carried on poles, formerly used in India and the East |
| papyrus | ancient writing material made from the paper reed grown on the banks of the Nile |
| Pharaoh | Egyptian king |
| polytheism | belief in more than one God |
| republic | State where people are supreme; system of government where citizens elect leaders exercising right to vote |
| self-sufficiency | condition of supporting oneself without aid from others |
| senate | State council of ancient Rome with nobles meeting to make laws; modern legislature |
| shogun | chief general in Japan with more political power than emperor after 1162 |
| state | civil community with its own government and laws |
| suffragist | advocate of extending voting rights especially to women |
| tyranny | cruel government and oppressive use of authority |
| westernization | adoption of western ideas and lifestyles by other countries |
