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1. Part I
Answer all questions in this part.
Directions (1 - 50): For each statement or question, record on your separate answer sheet the number of the
word or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question.
1 New Englandâs geographic features most directly
influenced the regionâs development of
(1) industry (3) large plantations
(2) sugar mills (4) tenant farming Answer: 1
2. 2 ⢠Colonists protest the Stamp Act.
⢠Sons of Liberty groups are formed.
⢠Crates of tea are thrown into Boston Harbor.
⢠Parliament passes Coercive Acts.
These events helped lead to the
(1) French and Indian War
(2) Revolutionary War
(3) Whiskey Rebellion
(4) War of 1812 Answer: 2
3. 3 Which heading best completes the partial outline
below?
I._______
A. National government unable to levy
direct taxes
B. No single national currency
C. Lack of an elected chief executive
(1) Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
(2) Strengths of the Continental Congress
(3) Provisions of the United States Constitution
(4) Influence of Treaties with European
GovernmentsAnswer: 1
4. 4 During the debate over ratification of the United
States Constitution, Antifederalists argued that
a bill of rights should be added to
(1) preserve the interests of slaveholders
(2) list the responsibilities of citizens
(3) protect individual liberties
(4) ensure federal supremacy Answer: 3
5. Base your answer to question 5 on the passage
below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or of the press; or the right of the
people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the
Government for a redress of grievances.
- First amendment, United States Constitution
5 What is one impact of this amendment on
American society?
(1) Congress cannot mandate a national religion.
(2) Religious groups cannot lobby Congress.
(3) Members of the press cannot hold public
office.
(4) The Supreme Court cannot limit free speech
during wartime.Answer: 1
6. 6 The Supreme Court can influence the actions of
the other two branches of the federal government
by
(1) vetoing legislation
(2) pardoning criminals
(3) exercising judicial review
(4) impeaching the president Answer: 3
7. 7 In 1790, the first census of the United States was
taken in order to
(1) create immigration quotas
(2) determine each stateâs representation in
Congress
(3) establish the number of appointed federal
judges
(4) justify funding for public educationAnswer: 2
8. 8 Which group benefited the most from the United
States acquisition of the port of New Orleans?
(1) farmers in the Ohio River valley
(2) Native American Indians in the Southwest
(3) fur trappers in the Hudson River valley
(4) gold miners in northern California Answer: 1
9. 9 A major reason for the issuance of the Monroe
Doctrine (1823) was to
(1) improve trade relations with Asia
(2) gain new colonies in Latin America
(3) acquire land to build a canal in Central
America
(4) limit European influence in the Western
HemisphereAnswer: 4
10. 10 A major reason for President Andrew Jacksonâs
policy toward the Cherokee Nation was to
(1) provide Native American Indians with better
farmland
(2) enforce the United States Supreme Court
decision in Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
(3) obtain land from Native American Indians for
white settlers
(4) gain the political support of Native American
IndiansAnswer: 3
11. 11 Which quotation best represents the idea of
Manifest Destiny?
(1) âAmerican interests are best served by strict
isolationism.â
(2) âThe passage of protective tariffs will
encourage industrial development.â
(3) âImmigration is the key to the nationâs
economic growth.â
(4) âThe United States has a duty to spread
American ideals westward.âAnswer: 4
12. 12 . . .âWe hold these truths to be self-evident: that
all men and women are created equal; . . .â
- Seneca Falls Convention, 1848
Which document most influenced the authors of
this statement?
(1) Mayflower Compact
(2) Albany Plan of Union
(3) Declaration of Independence
(4) Articles of ConfederationAnswer: 3
13. 13 The Homestead Act (1862) encouraged the
settlement of the West because it provided
(1) forty acres of land and a mule to formerly
enslaved persons
(2) land to people who would live on it for at least
five years
(3) mining claims for prospectors seeking gold
and silver
(4) land to companies to build transcontinental
railroadsAnswer: 2
14. 14 What was one major result of the Northâs victory
in the Civil War?
(1) The power of the Supreme Court was
limited.
(2) Slave owners were compensated for their
losses.
(3) The influence of corporations on government
was reduced.
(4) The supremacy of the national government
was upheld.Answer: 4
15. 15 One way in which Andrew Carnegie and John D.
Rockefeller are similar is that they both
(1) served in the United States Congress
(2) treated their workers with respect
(3) gave large sums of money to charitable
causes
(4) made fortunes in the automobile industryAnswer: 3
16. 16 During the late 1800s, the use of child labor in
United States factories was most opposed by
(1) parents (3) labor unions
(2) nativists (4) factory owners Answer: 3
17. 17 In the late 1800s, an increased demand for
raw materials and a desire for new markets
contributed to the United States adopting a
policy of
(1) imperialism (3) collective security
(2) pacifism (4) isolationism Answer: 1
18. 18 â. . .You come to us and tell us that the great
cities are in favor of the gold standard; we reply
that the great cities rest upon our broad and
fertile prairies. Burn down your cities and leave
our farms, and your cities will spring up again as
if by magic; but destroy our farms and the grass
will grow in the streets of every city in the
country. . . .â
- William Jennings Bryan, 1896
In the late 19th century, farmers attempted to
address the issue raised by William Jennings
Bryan by
(1) supporting the Populist Party
(2) demanding higher tariffs
(3) providing jobs for the unemployed
(4) lobbying Congress to cut income taxesAnswer: 1
19. 19 What was one result of the Supreme Court
decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?
(1) Public schools were integrated nationwide.
(2) Civil rights for African Americans were
strengthened.
(3) Northern states were forced to segregate
public facilities.
(4) The âseparate but equalâ doctrine was
established.Answer: 4
20. 20 One major result of the Spanish-American War
was that the United States
(1) formed an alliance with England
(2) gained recognition as a world power
(3) repealed the Monroe Doctrine
(4) decreased the size of its navy Answer: 2
21. 21 A common goal of Lincoln Steffens, Frank Norris,
and Ida Tarbell was to
(1) encourage government officials to decrease
the regulation of business
(2) publicize the achievements of the captains of
industry
(3) create a demand for new political parties to
replace the two major parties
(4) increase public awareness of social, political,
and economic problemsAnswer: 4
22. 22 During the Progressive Era, direct primary
elections were adopted to
(1) raise additional campaign funds for
candidates
(2) increase the power of voters in the political
process
(3) strengthen the role of political machines
(4) expand the power of the federal governmentAnswer: 2
23. 23 President Theodore Roosevelt was called a
trustbuster because he
(1) directed the building of the Panama Canal
(2) encouraged conservation of natural resources
(3) supported legal action against business
monopolies
(4) resigned from the Republican PartyAnswer: 3
24. 24 What was President Woodrow Wilsonâs stated
policy toward the warring nations of Europe prior
to United States entry into World War I?
(1) neutrality (3) internationalism
(2) containment (4) dollar diplomacy Answer: 1
25. 25 Which statement about the United States economy
during the 1920s is true?
(1) Federal regulation of business was
strengthened.
(2) The purchase of stocks steadily declined.
(3) Mass production increased the supply of
consumer goods.
(4) Republican Party presidents supported
unemployment insurance.Answer: 3
26. Base your answer to question 26 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.
26 This cartoon is portraying a situation that resulted from the
(1) public rejection of the New Deal
(2) economic downturn of the late 1920s
(3) failure of the Civilian Conservation Corps
(4) opposition to the Treaty of Versailles Answer: 2
27. 27 President Franklin D. Roosevelt believed that
declaring a bank holiday and creating the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) would
aid the nationâs banking system by
(1) restricting foreign investments
(2) eliminating government regulation of banks
(3) restoring public confidence in banks
(4) granting tax relief Answer: 3
28. Base your answer to question 28 on the passage
below and on your knowledge of social studies.
. . . I see one-third of a nation ill-housed, ill-clad,
ill-nourished.
It is not in despair that I paint you that picture.
I paint it for you in hope - because the Nation,
seeing and understanding the injustice in it,
proposes to paint it out. We are determined to
make every American citizen the subject of his
countryâs interest and concern; and we will never
regard any faithful, law-abiding group within our
borders as superfluous. The test of our progress
is not whether we add more to the abundance of
those who have much; it is whether we provide
enough for those who have too little. . . .
- President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Second Inaugural
Address, January 20, 1937
28 President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed the
situation described in this speech by
(1) reducing the influence of labor unions
(2) supporting programs to aid the poor and
unemployed
(3) promoting the interests of big business
(4) adopting the trickle-down economic theoryAnswer: 2
29. 29 The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1937 were
enacted by Congress to
(1) help the United States recover from the Great
Depression
(2) stop Nazi Germany from conquering Europe
(3) aid the Americans who fought in the Spanish
Civil War
(4) prevent the United States from being drawn
into another world warAnswer: 4
30. 30 âYesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will
live in infamy - the United States of America was
suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and
air forces of the Empire of Japan. . . .â
- President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Address to Congress,
December 8, 1941
In this statement, President Roosevelt was
addressing Congress about the
(1) sinking of merchant ships in the Atlantic
Ocean
(2) D-Day invasion of France
(3) bombing of Pearl Harbor
(4) air raids on the Panama CanalAnswer: 3
31. 31 During World War II, the federal government
was accused of violating constitutional rights by
(1) signing the Yalta Agreement
(2) implementing a draft to expand the armed
forces
(3) relocating Japanese Americans to internment
camps
(4) initiating the secret Manhattan ProjectAnswer: 3
32. Base your answer to question 32 on the posters below and on your knowledge of social studies.
32 These World War II posters encouraged Americans to
(1) demand higher wages (3) purchase new automobiles
(2) enlist in the armed services (4) support home-front war efforts Answer: 4
33. 33 Which standard of justice was applied to Nazi
leaders who were tried at Nuremberg after World
War II?
(1) Military attacks on civilian populations are
legal.
(2) Individuals can be held personally responsible
for war crimes.
(3) Military officers are not accountable for
crimes if they were obeying orders.
(4) Only the League of Nations can determine
international law.Answer: 2
34. 34 What was the purpose of the Berlin airlift?
(1) supplying West Berlin with necessities during
the Soviet blockade
(2) helping defeat the German military
(3) assisting people trying to escape from East
Berlin
(4) forcing the Soviet Union to end its occupation
of East GermanyAnswer: 1
35. 35 During the 1960s, members of the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
used sit-ins primarily to
(1) protest high college tuition costs
(2) promote passage of clean air laws
(3) support voting rights for 18-year-old citizens
(4) challenge racially segregated public facilities Answer: 4
36. 36 What was a major result of the Cuban missile
crisis of 1962?
(1) Fidel Castro was removed from power.
(2) Steps were taken to relax Cold War tensions.
(3) United Nations forces invaded Cuba.
(4) Trade between Cuba and the United States
increased.Answer: 2
37. 37 President Kennedy created the Peace Corps in
the 1960s to
(1) fight revolutionaries in democratic nations
with military force
(2) improve economic conditions in developing
countries
(3) rebuild United States cities through urban
renewal
(4) overthrow Soviet control in Eastern EuropeAnswer: 2
38. 38 Which statement about the Vietnam War is an
opinion?
(1) President Lyndon B. Johnsonâs escalation of
the war was a mistake.
(2) United States forces withdrew from Vietnam
during the presidency of Gerald Ford.
(3) Disagreement over the war divided the
American public.
(4) The Vietnam War had been the longest
military conflict in United States history.Answer: 1
39. 39 The SALT I and SALT II agreements of the 1970s
tried to improve Cold War relations between the
United States and the Soviet Union by
(1) encouraging space exploration
(2) increasing cultural exchanges
(3) lowering barriers to trade
(4) limiting nuclear weapons Answer: 4
40. 40 What was a major achievement of the presidency
of Jimmy Carter?
(1) uniting East Germany and West Germany
(2) negotiating the peace accord between Egypt
and Israel at Camp David
(3) ending United States dependence on imported
oil
(4) rescuing United States hostages in IranAnswer: 2
41. 41 President Ronald Reagan supported supply-side
economics through reduced tax rates to
(1) encourage economic growth
(2) create more public-works jobs
(3) increase government regulation of business
(4) decrease defense spending Answer: 1
42. 42 The North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) and the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT) were created primarily to
(1) support environmentalism
(2) maintain mutual defense
(3) improve public health worldwide
(4) promote economic interdependence Answer: 4
43. Base your answer to question 43 on the cartoon below and on your knowledge of social studies.
43 This cartoon illustrates that actions taken during times of crisis have sometimes led to
concerns about the functioning of
(1) federalism (3) checks and balances
(2) salutary neglect (4) bicameral legislatures Answer: 3
44. 44 The decisions of the Supreme Court under Chief
Justice John Marshall and under Chief Justice
Earl Warren demonstrate that
(1) the Supreme Court can greatly influence
economic and social change
(2) chief justices have little influence over the
rest of the Supreme Court
(3) Supreme Court decisions must be approved
by the president
(4) states can overturn decisions of the Supreme
CourtAnswer: 1
45. 45 ââ. . . Under a government which imprisons any
unjustly, the true place for a just man is also a
prison. . . .ââ
- Henry David Thoreau
Which leaderâs reform efforts reflect the idea in
this statement by Thoreau?
(1) Booker T. Washingtonâs support for vocational
education
(2) Jane Addamsâs establishment of Hull House
(3) Rachel Carsonâs books about the
environment
(4) Martin Luther King Jr.âs advocacy of civil
disobedienceAnswer: 4
46. Base your answer to question 46 on the graph below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Legal Immigration to the United States:
1900 - 2005
46 Which statement is best supported by the information provided in this graph?
(1) Each year since 1950, immigration has increased.
(2) Quotas favored immigration from southern and eastern Europe.
(3) Immigration declined during world wars and economic hard times.
(4) Every year since 1920, at least one million people have come to the United States. Answer: 3
47. 47 One way in which President Abraham Lincolnâs
suspension of habeas corpus (1861), the Espionage
Act (1917), and the USA Patriot Act (2001) are
similar is that these actions
(1) enforced international treaties
(2) expanded political cooperation
(3) encouraged economic development
(4) restricted civil liberties during wartime Answer: 4
48. 48 The Harlem Renaissance was influenced by the
(1) migration of African Americans from the
rural South to the urban North
(2) passage of federal laws outlawing racial
discrimination in public facilities
(3) racial integration of the military during World
War I
(4) use of affirmative action after World War IIAnswer: 1
49. Base your answers to questions 49 and 50 on the graph below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Total United States Population by Region, 1900 - 2000
49 Which section of the country gained the most population in the years shown on
the graph?
(1) South (3) Northeast
(2) Midwest (4) West Answer: 1
50. 50 What is one effect the population changes shown in the graph have had on national
politics?
(1) reducing the number of senators from the Midwest
(2) increasing the representation of the South and West in Congress
(3) enhancing the chances for election of presidential candidates from the Northeast
(4) strengthening the Democratic Partyâs control of the South Answer: 2
51. Answers to the essay questions are to be written in the separate essay booklet.
In developing your answer to Part II, be sure to keep these general definitions in mind:
(a) describe means âto illustrate something in words or tell about itâ
(b) discuss means âto make observations about something using facts, reasoning, and
argument; to present in some detailâ
Part II
THEMATIC ESSAY QUESTION
Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several paragraphs addressing the task
below, and a conclusion.
Theme: Cultural and Intellectual Life - Influence of Mass Media
Since the earliest days of the nation, mass media have significantly influenced
the political, economic, and social life of the United States and American
society. These media include pamphlets, newspapers, books, magazines, posters,
photographs, radio, films, and television.
Task:
Select two examples in which mass media have influenced the United States and
for each
⢠Describe the historical circumstances surrounding the issue addressed by mass
media
⢠Discuss positive and/or negative effects of this use of mass media on the
United States and/or American society
You may use any example in which mass media have influenced the political, economic,
and/or social life of the United States. Some suggestions you might wish to consider include:
Common Sense - Thomas Paine
Uncle Tomâs Cabin - Harriet Beecher Stowe
yellow journalism - William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
How the Other Half Lives - Jacob Riis
The Jungle - Upton Sinclair
fireside chats - President Franklin D. Roosevelt
photo journalism - civil rights protests
televised nightly newscasts - Vietnam War
Washington Post - investigation of the Nixon administration
You are not limited to these suggestions.
Guidelines:
In your essay, be sure to
⢠Develop all aspects of the task
⢠Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details
⢠Use a logical and clear plan of organization, including an introduction and a conclusion that
are beyond a restatement of the theme
52. Part III
DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION
This question is based on the accompanying documents. The question is designed to test your
ability to work with historical documents. Some of these documents have been edited for the purposes
of this question. As you analyze the documents, take into account the source of each document and
any point of view that may be presented in the document. Keep in mind that the language used in
a document may reflect the historical context of the time in which it was written.
Historical Context:
Throughout United States history, presidents have made proposals to deal
with important issues facing the nation. Members of Congress have not always
agreed with these proposals. The outcomes of these situations have affected
the United States and American society. These issues have included the Mexican-
American War and President James K. Polk, Reconstruction and Presidents
Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, and Supreme Court decisions and
President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of United States
history, answer the questions that follow each document in Part A. Your answers to
the questions will help you write the Part B essay in which you will be asked to
Select two issues mentioned in the historical context and for each
⢠Describe the presidentâs position on the issue
⢠Describe congressional opposition to the presidentâs position
⢠Discuss how the outcome of the situation influenced the United States and/or
American society
In developing your answers to Part III, be sure to keep these general definitions in mind:
(a) describe means âto illustrate something in words or tell about itâ
(b) discuss means âto make observations about something using facts, reasoning, and
argument; to present in some detailâ
Part A
Short-Answer Questions
Directions: Analyze the documents and answer the short-answer questions that follow each document in
the space provided.
Document 1
. . . The grievous wrongs perpetrated by Mexico upon our citizens throughout a long period
of years remain unredressed [uncorrected], and solemn treaties pledging her public faith for
this redress have been disregarded. A government either unable or unwilling to enforce the
execution of such treaties fails to perform one of its plainest duties. . . .
Instead of this, however, we have been exerting our best efforts to propitiate [gain] her
good will. Upon the pretext that Texas, a nation as independent as herself, thought proper to
unite its destinies with our own she has affected to believe that we have severed her rightful
territory, and in official proclamations and manifestoes has repeatedly threatened to make war
upon us for the purpose of reconquering Texas. In the meantime we have tried every effort
at reconciliation. The cup of forbearance [patience] had been exhausted even before the
recent information from the frontier of the Del Norte [Rio Grande]. But now, after reiterated
menaces, Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory
and shed American blood upon the American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have
commenced, and that the two nations are now at war.
As war exists, and, notwithstanding [despite] all our efforts to avoid it, exists by the act of
Mexico herself, we are called upon by every consideration of duty and patriotism to vindicate
[justify] with decision the honor, the rights, and the interests of our country. . . .
Source: President James K. Polk, Special Message to Congress on Mexican Relations, May 11, 1846
1 According to his message to Congress, what is one reason President James Polk supports war with
Mexico? [1]
53. Document 2
. . . The prompt and overwhelming vote in Congress for war - 174 to 14 in the House and
40 to 2 in the Senate - is deceptive. Aroused by the loss of American lives, all sections and
all parties at first enthusiastically endorsed the conflict. Popular slogans were âHo for the
Halls of the Montezumas!â and âMexico or Death!â But gradually considerable sentiment
developed against fighting âJimmy Polkâs War,â especially among the opposition Whig party
and the antislavery men. One abolitionist Congressman denounced the conflict as âunholy,
unrighteous, and damnable.â The distinguished Whig orator, Senator [Thomas] Corwin of
Ohio, declared in a memorable speech [February 11, 1847] that if he were a Mexican he
would say to the Americans, âHave you not room in your own country to bury your dead men?
If you come into mine, we will greet you with bloody hands; and welcome you to hospitable
graves.â
Abraham Lincoln, who entered the House as a Whig some months after the war began,
joined the dissenters. Through his famous âspot resolutions,â which caused him to be dubbed
the âspotty Lincoln,â he demanded to know the precise âspotâ on American soil where
the shooting had begun. Certainly Polk would have been much nearer the truth if he had
said that âAmerican blood has been shed on soil in dispute between the United States and
Mexicoâ - soil to which Mexico perhaps had a better technical claim than the United States. . . .
Source: Thomas A. Bailey, A Diplomatic History of the American People, Prentice-Hall, 1974 (adapted)
2 According to Thomas A. Bailey, what was one reason members of Congress opposed war with
Mexico? [1]
54. Document 3a
United States Acquisitions from Mexico, 1848
Document 3b
. . . But Congress itself was split over the question of slavery, and Californiaâs statehood
threatened that balance. Congress had once hoped that the issue of slaveryâs extension had
been settled forever by the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which barred slavery in most of
the West. But the defeat of Mexico - and the sudden acquisition of so many hundreds of
thousands of square miles - had changed everything. . . .
Source: Geoffrey C. Ward et al., The West: An Illustrated History, Little, Brown and Company, 1996
3 Based on these documents, what were two effects of the Mexican-American War on the United States? [2]
55. Document 4a
. . . Abraham Lincoln believed the President should take the lead in peacemaking, and he was
disposed to grant relatively mild conditions of peace. In 1863 he announced his willingness
to pardon all rebels (except for certain of the leaders) who would lay down their arms and
take an oath of future loyalty to the United States. He also proposed his âten per cent planâ
of reconstruction. According to this plan, ten per cent of the qualified voters (as of 1860)
in a seceded state, upon taking the oath, could form a new state government and apply for
readmission to the Union. They would have to accept the antislavery measures of Congress
and the President, including the Emancipation Proclamation. Before the end of the war,
the statemaking process had begun under Lincolnâs plan in Louisiana, Arkansas, and
Tennessee. . . .
Source: Richard N. Current, ed., Reconstruction [1865 - 1877], Prentice-Hall, 1965
4a Based on this document, what was one proposal made by President Abraham Lincoln concerning
the readmission of the South to the Union? [1]
56. Score
Document 4b
. . . Although Johnson thundered against the Confederate leaders and called for their personal
punishment, he believed the states they represented were, in fact, still part of the Union
and therefore guaranteed representation in Congress. Thus he desired their immediate
restoration - not readmission, because in his view theyâd never left. He preferred that this
restoration take place after each state had ratified the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing
slavery, but he wasnât inclined to insist on even this condition. Nor did he seek any safeguards
for the freed people. . . .
Source: Hans L. Trefousse, âAndrew Johnson,â in âTo the Best of My Abilityâ: The American Presidents,
edited by James M. McPherson, DK Publishing, 2001
4b Based on this document, what was one position taken by President Andrew Johnson concerning the
restoration of the South to the Union? [1]
57. Document 5a
Selected Events from the Era of Reconstruction
1864 ⢠Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee established governments loyal to Union under
Lincolnâs plan
⢠Wade-Davis Bill passed by Congress
1865 ⢠Johnson tries to readmit rest of Confederate states to Union
⢠Southern States enact Black Codes
⢠Congress establishes Freedmenâs Bureau
⢠Congress reconvenes (December) and refuses to admit Southern representatives;
creates Joint Committee on Reconstruction
1866 ⢠Congress approves Fourteenth Amendment; most Southern states reject it
1867 ⢠Military Reconstruction Act (and two supplementary acts) outlines congressional plan
of Reconstruction
⢠Tenure of Office Act and Command of the Army Act restrict presidential power
⢠Southern states establish Reconstruction governments under congressional plan
1868 ⢠Most Southern states readmitted to Union under congressional plan
1870 ⢠Last Southern states readmitted to Union
1877 ⢠Congressional Reconstruction ends
Source: Richard N. Current et al., American History: A Survey, Alfred A. Knopf, 1987 (adapted)
5 Based on this time line and map, identify two ways Congress dealt with Reconstruction. [2]
58. (1) _______
Score
(2) _______
Score
Document 6
The long ordeal of slavery came to an end in 1865 for 4 million African Americans. Suddenly
the freedom they had longed for during two centuries of bondage was theirs. The world
opened before them: they could freely visit loved ones, attend schools, or run for public
office. Blacks soon realized, however, that chains other than slavery still held them. Penniless,
they could not afford to buy farms; untrained, they could not move into better jobs. In the
1870s and 1880s they lost many of the privileges they had gained when freed, including the
right to vote. Booker T. Washington grew to maturity in years when blacks experienced both
the exhilaration of freedom and the humiliation of segregation. He proved in his early life
that an ex-slave could prosper by hard work. When in his later years he saw the cords of
prejudice tightening around his people, he responded in the best way he knew, advocating
self-help in the face of prejudice and segregation. . . .
Source: J. William T. Youngs, âBeyond Emancipation,â American Realities: Historical Episodes, Longman, 2001
6 According to J. William T. Youngs, what were two ways African Americans were affected by the end of
slavery and by Reconstruction? [2]
59. Document 7a
7a Based on this political cartoon, why is President Franklin D. Roosevelt upset with the Supreme Court? [1]
60. Document 7b
President Franklin D. Roosevelt presented a proposal to encourage more cooperation between the three
branches of government.
. . . Last Thursday I described the American form of Government as a three horse team
provided by the Constitution to the American people so that their field might be plowed. The
three horses are, of course, the three branches of government - the Congress, the Executive
and the Courts. Two of the horses are pulling in unison today; the third is not. Those who
have intimated [suggested] that the President of the United States is trying to drive that team,
overlook the simple fact that the President, as Chief Executive, is himself one of the three
horses. . . .
What is my proposal? It is simply this: whenever a Judge or Justice of any Federal Court
has reached the age of seventy and does not avail himself of the opportunity to retire on
a pension, a new member shall be appointed by the President then in office, with the approval,
as required by the Constitution, of the Senate of the United States. . . .
Source: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, March 9, 1937
7b Based on this document, what is President Franklin D. Rooseveltâs proposal regarding the Supreme
Court? [1]
61. Document 8
THE JUDICIARY REFORM BILL
. . . [President Franklin D.] Rooseveltâs âcourt-packingâ proposal shocked many people, yet
constitutionally Congress had the power to decide on the size of the Supreme Court. The
President believed that since the Democrats had a majority, they would support him. Instead,
however, the party split and many Democrats joined those who opposed the President. There
were several reasons for the opposition. Perhaps the most important was that Roosevelt
had âsprungâ the plan upon his supporters without warning. Another was that, although
Congress might be extremely annoyed by the Court, it could not bring itself to interfere with
the separation of powers. And Congress, throughout its history, has reacted strongly against
executive actions which it regarded as dictatorial. . . .
Source: Leonard F. James, The Supreme Court In American Life, Scott, Foresman and Company, 1964
8 According to Leonard F. James, what is one reason Congress opposed President Franklin D. Rooseveltâs
âcourt-packingâ proposal? [1]
62. Document 9
. . .The nasty fight over court packing turned out better than might have been expected. The
defeat of the bill meant that the institutional integrity of the United States Supreme Court
had been preserved - its size had not been manipulated for political or ideological ends. On
the other hand, Roosevelt claimed that though he had lost the battle, he had won the war.
And in an important sense he had: he had staved off the expected invalidation of the Social
Security Act and other laws. More significantly, the switch in the court that spring resulted
in what historians call âthe constitutional revolution of 1937â - the legitimation of a greatly
expanded exercise of powers by both the national and state governments that has persisted
for decades.
The 168-day contest also has bequeathed some salutary [beneficial] lessons. It instructs
presidents to think twice before tampering with the Supreme Court. FDRâs scheme, said
the Senate Judiciary Committee, was âa measure which should be so emphatically rejected
that its parallel will never again be presented to the free representatives of the free people
of America.â And it never has been. At the same time, it teaches the justices that if they
unreasonably impede the functioning of the democratic branches, they may precipitate
[bring about] a crisis with unpredictable consequences. In his dissent in the AAA case in
1936, Justice Stone reminded his brethren, âCourts are not the only agency of government
that must be assumed to have capacity to govern.â These are lessons - for the president and
for the court - as salient [significant] today as they were in 1937.
Source: William E. Leuchtenburg, âWhen Franklin Roosevelt Clashed with the Supreme Court - and Lost,â
Smithsonian Magazine, May 2005
9 According to William E. Leuchtenburg, what was one impact of President Franklin D. Rooseveltâs attempt
to pack the Supreme Court? [1]
63. Part B
Essay
Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several paragraphs, and a conclusion.
Use evidence from at least four documents in your essay. Support your response with relevant facts,
examples, and details. Include additional outside information.
Historical Context:
Throughout United States history, presidents have made proposals to deal
with important issues facing the nation. Members of Congress have not always
agreed with these proposals. The outcomes of these situations have affected
the United States and American society. These issues have included the Mexican-
American War and President James K. Polk, Reconstruction and Presidents
Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, and Supreme Court decisions and
President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Task: Using the information from the documents and your knowledge of United States
history, write an essay in which you
Select two issues mentioned in the historical context and for each
⢠Describe the presidentâs position on the issue
⢠Describe congressional opposition to the presidentâs position
⢠Discuss how the outcome of the situation influenced the United States and/or
American society
Guidelines:
In your essay, be sure to
⢠Develop all aspects of the task
⢠Incorporate information from at least four documents
⢠Incorporate relevant outside information
⢠Support the theme with relevant facts, examples, and details
⢠Use a logical and clear plan of organization, including an introduction and a conclusion that
are beyond a restatement of the theme
Try the Quiz : US History and Government - New York Regents January 2017 Exam
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