Part C
                             Answer all questions in this part.     [17]
Directions (56 - 72): Record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet.

Directions (56 - 72): Record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet.

Base your answers to questions 56 and 57 - 59 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
                                           Blown Away
                                Head Lice Meet Hair Dryer of Death
           Head lice are becoming indestructible. A study found that as many as 80 percent of the
      bugs are [resistant] to insecticides in over-the-counter shampoos, and resistance will only
      increase. Evolutionary biologist Dale Clayton may have a new line of attack.
           Clayton, who usually studies lice on bird feathers, stumbled onto his solution after a
      major research setback. When he moved his laboratory from England to the University of
      Utah a decade ago, his entire louse collection perished in the dry desert air. Soon after, his
      8-year-old came home from school with head lice. He wondered if human head lice could
      also be killed by drying them out. “It was sort of a forehead slapper,” Clayton says. After
      conventional hair dryers failed, Clayton came up with the LouseBuster, a 10-pound device
      resembling a vacuum cleaner that desiccates [dries out] the bugs with a jet of 140-degree
      air [140°F]. “It’s a pretty brutal assault,” he says. Tests show the invention is both safe and
      effective, eradicating 80 percent of live lice and 98 percent of eggs, leaving survivors unable
      to breed. And, Clayton says, “it will be awfully hard for lice to develop resistance.”
                               Source: Emily Saarman, “Blown Away - Head Lice Meet Hair Dryer of Death,”
                                                                    Discover Magazine, February 2007

56 State how Clayton first learned that desiccating lice kills them. [1]

] Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
       -  His entire louse collection perished in the dry, desert air.

57 - 59 Design a controlled experiment to determine the effect of hot, dry air on head lice. In your
      experimental design, be sure to:
      • state the hypothesis to be tested in the experiment [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Note: The student’s response to the bulleted items in question 57 - 59 need not appear in the
      following order.

Allow 1 credit for stating the hypothesis to be tested. Acceptable responses include, but are not
limited to:
    -  Lice exposed to high temperatures will have a lower survival rate than those exposed to
     98.6°F (body temperature).
    -  Lice not blasted with high temperatures will have a higher survival rate.
Note: Do not allow credit for a hypothesis written in the form of a question.

• state one way the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit for stating one way the control group will be treated differently from the experimental group. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  The control group will not be exposed to heat and the experimental group will be exposed
     to 140-degree air.
Note: Allow credit for an answer that is consistent with the student’s hypothesis for question 57.

• state one result of the experiment that would support the hypothesis [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit for stating one result of the experiment that would support the hypothesis.
    -  The lice blasted with the 140-degree air had a lower survival rate than the lice not blasted
     with hot air.
    -  The lice not blasted with high-temperature air lived longer.
Note: Allow credit for a response that is consistent with the student’s hypothesis.

60 In the past, diabetics used horse or cow insulin to control their glucose levels. Today, as a result of genetic
   engineering, human insulin can be synthesized by bacteria. State one advantage for a person with diabetes
   to receive genetically engineered insulin rather than insulin taken from a horse or cow. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  Genetically engineered insulin is actually human insulin and is less likely to be rejected by
     the person.
    -  Insulin from a horse or cow may cause an allergic reaction in a human.
    -  Genetically engineered insulin costs less.
    -  Human insulin may have fewer side effects.

Base your answer to question 61 -  63 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
          Smokers are passing down problems to future generations. Men who smoke and drink
      alcohol could be endangering the health of their future children and grandchildren. Toxic
      chemicals in cigarettes and alcohol are thought to cause changes in the DNA, which are
      passed down via the sperm to future generations.
                                                                  Source: Associate Newspapers Ltd.,
                                                   Mail Online Health, Fiona Macrae, February 9, 2008

61 -  63 Explain how smoking and drinking alcohol by males can affect the development of an embryo. In your
       answer, be sure to:
       • identify the term used to describe a change in DNA [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Note: The student’s response to the bulleted items in question 61 - 63 need not appear in the
      following order.

Allow 1 credit for identifying the term used to describe a change in DNA as mutation.

• state why changes that take place in a sperm cell can affect an embryo [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit for stating why these changes that take place in a sperm cell can affect an embryo.
Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  Reproductive cells can pass on traits.
    -  Mutations that occur in sex cells can be passed on to offspring.
    -  The sperm cell contributes half of the genetic information for the embryo.
    -  The sperm and egg combine to form an embryo.

• identify one factor, other than smoking and drinking alcohol, that may negatively affect a developing
  embryo [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit for identifying one factor, other than smoking and drinking alcohol, that may
negatively affect a developing embryo. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  mother’s poor diet
    -  toxic chemicals in air, food, and water
    -  drugs
    -  radiation
    -  other genetic disorders

Base your answer to question 64 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
          The California condor is the largest bird species in North America, with a wingspan of
      about 3.5 meters. They live in parts of California and in the Grand Canyon, and nest on
      rock ledges. Condors are scavengers. The condor population in the Grand Canyon is very
      small, with only about 70 adult birds.
 64 Identify one human activity that could negatively affect this bird and state why it would have a negative
    effect. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  Building homes might destroy their habitat.
    -  Hunting the condor reduces its numbers.
    -  Hunting other animals might reduce their food source.
    -  Removing dead animals (roadkill) would reduce available food for the condors.
Note: Allow 1 credit only if the answer is a human activity, not the consequence of an activity, such
      as pollution.

Base your answers to questions 65 through 67 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
         Every population is linked, directly or indirectly, with many others in an ecosystem.
      The table below shows the size of the moose and wolf populations that live on an island in
      Lake Superior.

65 State how the information in the table can be used to determine that the wolves are the predators. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  There are fewer predators than there are prey, so the wolf is the predator.
    -  In a food chain/food pyramid, there are more prey animals than there are predators.

66 State one possible ecological reason, other than human activity, for the change in the moose population
   between 1975 and 1980. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  There were more wolves, so the moose were being killed off.
    -  There may have been less food available for the moose, since the moose population had
     been growing for 20 years.
    -  Disease may have affected the moose population.
    -  There may have been really bad winters.

67 Identify two limiting factors that keep the wolf population size from growing any larger. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit for two acceptable responses. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  number of moose
    -  living space on the island
    -  diseases
    -  competition with other predators
    -  weather conditions
    -  hunting

68 - 70 Describe how a flu vaccine protects the human body. In your answer, be sure to:
      • identify what substance is in a flu vaccine that stimulates immunity [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Note: The student’s response to the bulleted items in question 68 - 70 need not appear in the following
      order.

[1] Allow 1 credit for identifying what substance is in a flu vaccine that stimulates immunity.
    Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
        -  dead/weakened pathogen
        -  antigens
        -  a small piece of the virus/viral coat
    Note: Do not accept “a little bit of the disease” or “a small amount of the virus.”

• state how the human immune system reacts to the vaccine [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit for stating how the human immune system reacts to the vaccine. Acceptable
responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  Antibodies are produced against the virus.
    -  increase in number of white blood cells
    -  produces a primary immune response
    -  It builds up immunity.

• state one reason the flu vaccine does not protect a person from other viral diseases, such as
  measles [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit for identifying one reason the flu vaccine does not protect a person from other viral
diseases, such as measles. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  The antibodies are specific for the flu virus.
    -  The white blood cells that remain in the body are specific for the flu virus.
    -  The white blood cells are specialized to attack only the flu virus.
    -  The two viruses have different characteristics.
    -  Each vaccine results in immunity to only one disease.

Base your answer to question 71 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
           Two methods for controlling mosquitoes are listed below.
                                            Control Methods
                   A: Draining a swamp where mosquitoes lay eggs
                   B: Releasing more mosquito predators that are native to the ecosystem
 71 Identify the letter of the control method in the list that would most likely have the least damaging effect
    on the ecosystem. Support your answer. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  B would have the least damaging effect on the ecosystem because if native predators are
     used, they are already part of the food web.
    -  B is best because method A destroys the entire ecosystem.

72 Scientists have recently discovered that two toxic chemicals in most antibacterial soap products do not
   break down when treated at wastewater facilities. These chemicals are in the nutrient-rich sludge that
   remains after wastewater treatment. Farmers can buy this sludge to fertilize their fields. State one
   possible ecological problem that may result from the use of sludge for fertilizer. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  Toxic chemicals may kill organisms that are beneficial.
    -  Toxins may accumulate in organisms at higher levels in food chains and cause serious
     problems.
    -  Toxins may end up in plants used for food.
Note: Do not accept just pollution without an explanation.

Part D
                                 Answer all questions in this part.      [13]
    Directions (73 - 85): For those questions that are multiple choice, record on the separate answer sheet the
number of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. For all other questions in this
part, follow the directions given and record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet.

Directions (73 - 85): For those questions that are multiple choice, record on the separate answer sheet the number of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. For all other questions in this part, follow the directions given and record your answers in the spaces provided in this examination booklet.

   Base your answers to questions 73 through 76 on
the information and diagram below and on your
knowledge of biology.
      Average beak sizes of the seed-eating
  medium ground finch on one of the Galapagos
  Islands are shown in the diagram below. During
  wet years, all types of seeds are abundant. The
  medium ground finch prefers to eat small seeds
  that are easy to crush. However, during droughts
  (dry years), when small seeds are not as
  abundant, they eat the larger seeds on the island.

73 How might an extended period of drought influence the ground finch population?
   (1) The birds with smaller beaks would be more
       numerous.
   (2) The birds with larger beaks would be more
       numerous.
   (3) Drought decreases seed availability, but has
       no influence on the ground finch.
   (4) Drought increases seed availability, and all
       ground finches would be more numerous.

Answer: Answer: 2

74 How would the introduction of another species
   of seed-eating ground finch to the island most
   likely influence the medium ground finch?
   (1) The finches would not compete, since they
       both eat seeds.
   (2) The finches would interbreed and produce a
       new species of finch.
   (3) The medium ground finch would face
       increased competition for seeds.
   (4) The medium ground finch would become a
       parasite of the introduced species.

Answer: Answer: 3

75 Which factors most likely had a role in the
   development of beak characteristics in the
   medium ground finch?
   (1) mutation and cloning
   (2) genetic engineering and selective breeding
   (3) unchanging environment and the need to
       reproduce
   (4) variation and recombination

Answer: Answer: 4

76 The most likely explanation for this variation in
   the beak size of the medium ground finch is that
   (1) the birds acquired larger beaks so they could
       take advantage of the supply of small seeds
   (2) the birds with smaller beaks mutated due to
       the drought so they produced more offspring
   (3) different adaptations gave some birds a
       better chance for survival
   (4) the environment caused the birds to exercise
       their beaks and the beaks became longer and
       stronger

Answer: Answer: 3

77 Two molecules, A and B, and their distribution inside and outside of a cell are represented in the diagram
   below.

State one possible reason why molecule A could diffuse across the membrane of the cell but molecule B
could not. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  Molecule A is smaller than molecule B.
    -  Molecule B is too big.
    -  The membrane is selectively permeable to A.

78 Some of the pain from a sore throat is caused by swelling of moist throat tissue. A common remedy for a
   sore throat is to gargle (rinse the throat tissue) with salt water. Explain why gargling with salt water would
   be expected to relieve the pain of a sore throat. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  The salt solution causes water to move out of the swollen cells (tissue), reducing the
     swelling and relieving the pain.
    -  The loss of water by the cells decreases the swelling and relieves some of the pain.
    -  Gargling with salt water will reduce swelling.
    -  When a person gargles with salt water, water moves by diffusion from the throat tissues into
     the salt water, reducing swelling.

Base your answer to question 79 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
          The segments of DNA below were extracted from two different species of plants.
      The segments represent the same region of DNA that codes for a particular pigment (color)
      in these species.

79 A restriction enzyme is used to cut the DNA from species A and B. The enzyme binds to the sequence
   G G G A T T and cuts between G and A. State how many cuts will be made in the DNA sequences of each
   species when this enzyme is used. [1]
   Plant species A cuts: _______
   Plant species B cuts: _______

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit for stating the correct number of cuts for both plant species A and plant species B.
Plant species A cuts: 1
Plant species B cuts: 0

80 An experimental setup using a model cell is shown in the diagram below.

State what cell structure the dialysis tubing represents. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit for cell membrane.

Base your answers to questions 81 and 82 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
         An experiment was designed to test whether students could squeeze a clothespin more
      times in one minute after resting or after exercise.

81 The dependent variable for this experiment is the
   (1) time the student was squeezing the clothespin
   (2) number of times the student was able to squeeze the clothespin
   (3) strength of the student
   (4) length of the clothespin

Answer: Answer: 2

82 The experimental results could be made more valid by
   (1) increasing the number of students                  (3) using safety precautions
   (2) using a plastic clothespin                         (4) making a bar graph of the data

Answer: Answer: 1

83 The technique of paper chromatography was performed on plant extracts from four different plant species.
   The results showed the same pattern for two of the plant species. State an evolutionary relationship
   between these two plants that is supported by this observation. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  They have a close evolutionary relationship.
    -  They have a common ancestor.
    -  These two organisms are more closely related to each other than to the other two.

    Base your answers to questions 84 and 85 on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of
biology.
             A change in hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells, causes sickle-cell disease.
         Hemoglobin samples from different individuals can be compared by using a specific
         technique. The protein banding patterns of three samples are shown below.

84 Identify the technique that was used to produce these results. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit for electrophoresis or gel electrophoresis.

85 Identify another substance that can be analyzed using this technique. [1]

Answer: Answer: MODEL ANSWER GIVEN BELOW

Allow 1 credit. Acceptable responses include, but are not limited to:
    -  DNA
    -  another protein

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